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Annette Patricia Lareau (born 1952) is a sociologist working at the University of Pennsylvania. She is a graduate of U.C. Santa Cruz and earned her PhD in Sociology from U.C. Berkeley. She started her career at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale and also previously worked as a Professor of Sociology at Temple University, Pennsylvania from 1990 to 2005. She has served as a professor of sociology at the University of Maryland, College Park, and in 2008 joined as professor of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania where she is the Stanley I. Sheerr Professor. During the 2005–2006 school year she moved to Palo Alto, California to complete a residence at the Center for Advanced Study of Behavioral Sciences. Lareau has been very active with organizations such as the Eastern Sociological Society, Sociology of Education journal, and the American Sociological Association.^[1]

Lareau has completed extensive field work studying the daily lives of both African-Americans and European-Americans. She is also credited with the creation of the term concerted cultivation. This concept refers to middle class child rearing practices. She says that this differs from the parents of children in working-class families, who attribute much of their child raising tactics to the accomplishment of natural growth.^[1][2]

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Writings[edit]

She is the author of Home Advantage: Social Class and Parental Intervention in Elementary Education (1989), coeditor of Journeys through Ethnography: Realistic Accounts of Fieldwork (1996), and author of Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life (2003). She conducted field work between 1993 and 1995 with 10- and 11-year-old children, and then followed up with them 10 years later when the children were 20 and 21 years old.^[3]

Unequal Childhoods[edit]

Her field research was the basis for her book Unequal Childhoods, which explained in detail her research and interviews with 88 children and their parents. The subjects included white and black children from middle class, working class, and poor families. Through her observations she discovered differences in parenting styles that related to class distinctions. Specifically, she observed how different family circumstances influenced the children's performance and interactions in and out of school. Her findings allowed her to draw a major distinction between the parenting styles of working class / poor parents and middle class parents. In this book, she highlights the benefits and shortcomings of raising children through either concerted cultivation or natural growth.^[2]

'Concerted cultivation' is the type of childrearing that middle class parents practice. This childrearing practice consists of parents participating in the organization of their child's afterschool activities and providing a structured life for their child. The parents generally have a better education and try to impress this upon their child on a daily basis. Parents teach their children things that are not taught in school that will help them to perform better and get better grades on tests and ultimately do better in school. The main advantage to this type of childrearing is that children are taught lessons through organized activities that help prepare them for a white collar job and the types of interactions that a white-collar worker encounters. Some examples of this type of parental teaching is engagement in critical thinking such as asking challenging questions, the use of advanced grammar, and help a stronger family support structure. The main disadvantage of concerted cultivation is that often the child becomes bored easily and cannot entertain themselves.^[2]

'The Accomplishment of Natural Growth' is the type of childrearing that working class and poor parents practice, and not necessarily by choice. They are less involved with the structure of their child’s after school activities and generally have less education and time to impress values upon their children that will give them an advantage in school. This type of childrearing involves less organized activities and more free time for their children to play with other children in the neighborhood.^[2]

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The book Unequal Childhoods includes detailed descriptions of her encounters and organized data from her analysis. She compiled a list of formal and informal activities that specific children were involved in, whether they were middle class, working class, or poor, and whether they have requested a teacher for their children. There is also information about whether or not the parents knew people who are psychologists, doctors, lawyers, or teachers. The book contains a great deal of quotes, stories of her experiences while observing, and connections that explain why particular children might act a certain way. Each chapter is an in-depth analysis of a different family, concerning the specific situation surrounding the child and how it has affected their life. From all her observations and analysis, Lareau concludes that the different types of childrearing have more to do with class than race. Through her research she has found that the childrearing ways of the middle class perpetuate inequality because of the advantages that the children have through participation in extracurricular activities, engagement in critical thinking and problem solving. These practices of more parental involvement are what perpetuate inequalities from one generation to the next. Lareau stresses the importance of parents being involved in their children's lives and talks about how middle class children benefit from having a sense of entitlement and the practice of gaining access to scarce resources. She also stresses the importance of literacy as a huge factor in a child's success.^[1][2] A second edition of the book was released in September 2011; it added over 100 new pages of text to the original version.

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Data collection process[edit]

Unequal Childhoods Annette Lareau Pdf Download Torrent

In 1989–1990 she observed white and black children from two third grade classrooms in a small Midwestern town, Lawrenceville, and interviewed the mothers, fathers, and guardians of the children as well as the school professionals working with the children. Then in 1992–1993 she received a grant from the Spencer Foundation to study a third grade classroom in Lower Richmond, an urban school district. In order to do this, she hired and trained 5 research assistants in 1993, who would carry out in-depth interviews with the families. Lareau and her research team studied 88 African-American and white families and later chose 12 of the 88 families for more intensive visits. During the study, they visited the 12 families 20 times each, roughly two to three hours at a time, and accompanied them on various outings and appointments. Lareau conducted about one-half of the interviews; she did many family visits. Lareau wrote the first draft of her book Unequal Childhoods completed the first edition of the book by 2002. Unequal Childhood was discussed by Malcolm Gladwell in his book Outliers. A second edition of Unequal Childhoods was published in 2011. Lareau added over 100 pages. She traced the lives of the 12 children whose families were observed into adulthood. With Elliot Weininger and Dalton Conley, she also reported national data on children's participation in organized activities which affirmed the findings of her ethnographic study.^[2]

Annette Lareau Concerted Cultivation

Other works[edit]

In 2014, Annette Lareau published Choosing Homes, Choosing Schools which she edited with Kimberly Goyette. The book was published by the Russell Sage Foundation. The book reports on the results of a number of studies of how residential decisions facilitate the maintenance of social inequality. On the book back cover, Sean Reardon, Professor of Sociology and Education at Stanford University termed the book 'a 'must-read' for urban sociologists and educational policy makers interested in understanding modern American inequality, segregation, and educational opportunity'.

Awards[edit]

Lareau has won several awards over her career. Her first book, Home Advantage, won the Sociology of Education Award for Scholarship of the American Sociological Association. This book also won the AESA Critics Choice award from the American Educational Studies Association. For her book Unequal Childhoods, she won the Sociology of Culture Section Best Book Award as well as the William J. Goode Best Book Length Contribution to Family Sociology Award, both from the American Sociological Association. In 2004, she won the American Sociological Association Section on Children and Youth Distinguished Contribution to Scholarship Award. American Sociological Association.^[2] Annette Lareau served as President of the American Sociological Association between 2013 and 2014.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcUC Santa Cruz. [1]. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
2. ^ ^abcdefgLareau, Annette. Uneqal Childhoods: Class, race, and Family Life. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, 2003.
3. ^University of Maryland. She also co-edited (with Dalton Conley) Social Class: How Does it Work? (Russell Sage). In addition, she is the co-editor of Education Research on Trial (with Pamela Barnhouse Walters and Sheri Ranis (Routledge). [2]. Retrieved November 8, 2008.

Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life is a 2003 non-fiction book by American sociologist Annette Lareau based upon a study of 88 African American, and white families (of which only 12 were discussed) to understand the impact of how social class makes a difference in family life, more specifically in children's lives. The book argues that regardless of race, social economic class will determine how children cultivate skills they will use in the future. In the second edition, Lareau revisits the subjects from the original study a decade later in order to examine the impact of social class on the transition to adulthood. She covers the subjects' awareness of their social class, high school experiences and the effect of organized activities as they went through their adolescent years. She emphasizes the use of concerted cultivation, and natural growth as tools parents in different social and economic classes use in order to raise their children and by continuing her research ten years later she is able to show how these methods of child rearing helped to cultivate the children into the adults they are today.

After her initial fieldwork was completed, Lareau returned to the families featured in her book to examine the pathways each of their lives had followed and to determine if her original research conclusions that class influences educational and work outcomes held true. In most cases, they did. The majority of the poorer, working class participants had either dropped out of high school or not attended post-secondary institutions, or if they had, had not completed their courses. Many were working in jobs that did not require a college degree and had already been working full-time for several years, some had children and car payments to support. Some even gave money back to their parents as rent, for example, if they still lived at home. This made them appear older than the middle class participants who generally had less work experience, and the majority of whom had attended college after going through an extensive preparatory process of investigating various institutions and receiving much greater support and involvement of their parents in making their decision, both about the college to attend and the courses to take. The middle class youth were more likely to be in courses that would lead to professional type occupations like business, medicine and law.

Lareau found her earlier conclusions remained true: social class and parenting approaches significantly impacted educational and work outcomes. Middle-class families had financial and knowledge resources that working-class families did not, and that was most visible as students worked their way through high school either successfully or not, and even more so when it came time to make decisions about attending college, what institution to attend and what courses to take. Middle-class parents took a different approach to interventions in their children’s lives than working-class parents and continued to play this support role and supervise as their children aged whereas working-class parents tended to stop once their children were 16–18 years old and it was felt they were old enough to make their own decisions. Lareau comments in a lecture captured on YouTube^[1] that, “their lives had diverged in a profound way.” Unequal Childhoods encourages us to better understand the impact social class has on our educational and life choices as such decisions as who we will marry, where we will live and how we find jobs are influenced by social class and the advantages it may or may not bring.

Methodology[edit]

Lareau and her graduate researchers followed these families around in their daily lives. They attended sporting events, spent the night in the family's home, and attended a doctor's visit to observe the differences between the working- and lower-class families, and middle-class families. During her observations, she notices two different parenting styles.

In her follow-up with families ten years later, Lareau admits that the ideal study would have involved on-going participant observation, but that was not feasible given the resources and time investment of the families that would have required. Instead, she conducted two hour recorded interviews with each of the twelve children, and had separate interviews with each of the mothers, fathers and siblings that agreed to be interviewed. Some declined.In response to the second edition of the book, critics continue to comment on the limitations of this study given its small sample size, while applying broad theoretical conclusions to North American society. Lareau briefly addresses race factors having an influence on outcomes for youth, but claims the class factors play a more significant role.

Parenting styles[edit]

Annette Lareau distinguishes between two different parenting styles: Concerted Cultivation and the Accomplishment of Natural Growth.

Concerted Cultivation: The parenting style, favored by middle-class families, in which parents encourage negotiation and discussion and the questioning of authority, and enroll their children in extensive organized activity participation. This style helps children in middle-class careers, teaches them to question people in authority, develops a large vocabulary, and makes them comfortable in discussions with people of authority. However, it gives the children a sense of entitlement.

Accomplishment of Natural Growth: The parenting style, favored by working-class and lower-class families, in which parents issue directives to their children rather than negotiations, encourage the following and trusting of people in authority positions, and do not structure their children's daily activities, but rather let the children play on their own. This method has benefits that prepare the children for a job in the 'working' or 'poor-class' jobs, teaches the children to respect and take the advice of people in authority, and allows the children to become independent at a younger age.

Reviews[edit]

• Margaret Foley, 'Class Matters', 'Mother's Movement Online', October, 2005.
• Harry Brighouse, 'David Brooks on Annette Lareau’s Unequal Childhoods', 'Crooked Timber', March 12, 2006; BW05
• Elizabeth Lower-Basch, 'Review: Unequal Childhoods', 'Half Changed World', May 4, 2005
• Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: The story of success. New York: Little, Brown and Co.
• Linda Quirke, 'Book Review of Unequal Childhoods:Class, Race, and Family Life, Second Edition with an Update a Decade Later. (https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/CJS/article/viewFile/16651/13567), Berkeley: University of California Press, pp480, 2011

See also[edit]

Concerted cultivation
Middle class
Working class
Social class

External links[edit]

• 'Unequal Childhoods', University of California Press,
• 'Annette Lareau, Ph.D' University of Pennsylvania, Department of Sociology , from University of Pennsylvania
• 'Annette Lareau, Professor' 'Department of Sociology', From University of Maryland, College Park
• Unequal Childhoods, by Annette Lareau from 'Beingnotdoing.org'
• Unequal Childhoods and Unequal Adulthoods with Annette Lareau – Knowledge by the Slice, UPenn

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xq_iCMgP2Q)

• A sociology presentation highlighting two individuals from Annette Lareau's 'Unequal Childhoods',

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iKZxmGFo118)

Further reading[edit]

• David R. Roediger: Colored White: Transcending the Racial Past. University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-24070-4
• 'Sharon Hays': Flat Broke with Children: Women in the Age of Welfare Reform. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-517601-8
• 'Linda Stout': Bridging the Class Divide: And Other Lessons for Grassroots Organizing. Beacon Press. ISBN978-0-8070-4309-7
• Michael Katz: The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State.. (Metropolitan Books.) New York: Henry Holt, 2001. ISBN0-8050-5208-9
• Viviana Zelizer: Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children, Princeton University Press, 1985. ISBN0-691-03459-1
• 'William Corsaro': Sociology of Childhood, Pine Forge Press (2004). ISBN0-7619-8751-7 / 9780761987512
• Nancy Darling: Parenting styles and its correlates. University of Illinois. 1999.
• Christopher Spera: A Review of the Relationship Among Parenting Practices, Parenting Styles and Adolescent Achievement. Educational Psychology Review, Vol.17 No.2, June 2005.
• Waters, Tony: 'Schooling, Childhood, and Bureaucracy: Bureaucratizing the Child.'Palgrave MacMillan 2012. Print ISBN9781137269713

References[edit]